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An astrophysical jet is an astronomy phenomenon where outflows of Ionization matter are emitted as extended beams along the rotation. When this greatly accelerated matter in the beam approaches the speed of light, astrophysical jets become relativistic jets as they show effects from special relativity.
The formation and powering of astrophysical jets are highly complex phenomena that are associated with many types of high-energy astronomical sources. They likely arise from dynamic interactions within , whose active processes are commonly connected with compact central objects such as , or . One explanation is that tangled are organised to aim two diametrically opposing beams away from the central source by angles only several degrees wide Jets may also be influenced by a general relativity effect known as frame-dragging.
Most of the largest and most active jets are created by supermassive black holes (SMBH) in the centre of active galaxies such as and radio galaxies or within galaxy clusters. Such jets can exceed millions of in length. Other astronomical objects that contain jets include cataclysmic variable stars, X-ray binary and (GRB). Jets on a much smaller scale (~parsecs) may be found in star forming regions, including T Tauri stars and Herbig–Haro objects; these objects are partially formed by the interaction of jets with the interstellar medium. may also be associated with , or with evolved post-AGB stars, and .
Massive central black holes in galaxies have the most powerful jets, but their structure and behaviours are similar to those of smaller galactic neutron stars and black holes. These SMBH systems are often called and show a large range of velocities. SS 433 jet, for example, has a mean velocity of 0.26c. Relativistic jet formation may also explain observed gamma-ray bursts, which have the most relativistic jets known, being ultrarelativistic.
Mechanisms behind the composition of jets remain uncertain, though some studies favour models where jets are composed of an electrically neutral mixture of Atomic nucleus, , and , while others are consistent with jets composed of positron–electron plasma. Electron–positron Jets Associated with Quasar 3C 279 Trace nuclei swept up in a relativistic positron–electron jet would be expected to have extremely high energy, as these heavier nuclei should attain velocity equal to the positron and electron velocity.
This theory explains the extraction of energy from magnetic fields around an accretion disk, which are dragged and twisted by the spin of the black hole. Relativistic material is then feasibly launched by the tightening of the field lines.
Reprinted in: Here energy is extracted from a rotating black hole by [[frame dragging]], which was later theoretically proven by Reva Kay Williams to be able to extract relativistic particle energy and momentum,and subsequently shown to be a possible mechanism for jet formation. This effect includes using general relativistic gravitomagnetism.
Long helical jet of Lighthouse nebula page 7Such a slow spin rate and lack of accretion material suggest the jet is neither rotation nor accretion powered, though it appears aligned with the pulsar rotation axis and perpendicular to the pulsar's true motion.
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